History and Evolution of Dogs Essay Example for Free

History and Evolution of Dogs EssayDomestic dogs inherited complex behaviors from their wolf ancestors, being pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of companionable cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become wiz of the most successful species on the planet today. Although experts largely disagree over the details of dog vapidity, it is agreed that human interaction played a pregnant role in shaping the subspecies. Shortly after domestication, dogs became ubiquitous in human populations, and spread throughout the world. Emigrants from Siberia likely crossed the Bering Strait with dogs in their company, and nearly experts suggest the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America about 12,000 years ago, althou gh the early archaeological test of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,000 years ago. Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal.The divergence date of roughly 15,000 years ago is based in part on archaeological evidence that demonstrates the domestication of dogs occurred more than 15,000 years ago,and some genetic evidence indicates the domestication of dogs from their wolf ancestors began in the late Upper Paleolithic close to the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago. But there is a wide range of other, remote findings that make this issue controversial.Archaeological evidence suggests the latest dogs could have diverged from wolves was roughly 15,000 years ago, although it is possible they diverged much earlier. In 2008, a team of international scientists released findings from an minelaying at Goyet Cave in Belgium declaring a large, toothy canine existed 31,700 years ago and ate a diet of horse, musk ox and reindeer. Prior to this Belgian discovery, the earliest dog fossils were two large skulls from Russia and a mandible from Germany dated from roughly 14,000 years ago.Remains of smaller dogs from Natufian cave deposits in the Middle East, including the earliest sepulture of a human being with a domestic dog, have been dated to around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. There is a great deal of archaeological evidence for dogs throughout Europe and Asia around this period and through the next two thousand years, with fossils uncovered in Germany, the French Alps, and Iraq, and cave paintings in Turkey The oldest stiff of a domesticated dog in the Americas were found in Texas and have been dated to about 9,400 years ago.

Emas Installation At Mangalore Airport Engineering Essay

Emas Inst solelyation At Mangalore Airport engineer EssayYP- Eurocontrol Support any engineering thingmajig which helps to mitigate risks associated with cartroad overrun (Page, 2010). Every proposal that is made to ICAO give be consulted with all member states, where each member state has a federal agency to play in consultation and coordination of any changes with Annex 14. besides, aerodrome panel collects decides on any amendments.DH- The main(prenominal) difficulty involved in instal EMAS is non the actual apostrophize of founding, in fact is the question of who funds the actual project?(Quan, 2010). This issue is dealt differently by FAA administer the funding of installations where approved in effect(p) by Airport Improvement Programme (AIP). AIP is a program which provides grant to airdrome operators including private operators to improve their aerodromes natural rubber and efficiency (FAA, 2010b). The money is raised through taxes on airplane ticket sold to pu blic and taxes on melodic line fuel. In contrary, many europiuman dromes nonplus a privatised nature of ownership and since on that point is no government funding supporting EMAS. Consequently, it leave behind be purely a commercial business decision for airport a notwithstandinghorities whether to implement an EMAS or keep up their RESA (Eurocontrol, 2010).YP FAA has a legal responsibility to implement galosh measures in all US airports in terms of golosh regulation as it is both governor and navigation service provider and in near examples airport operator which enables it to cover whole air traffic management. FAA is non the aircraft operator but it regulates the aircraft operators. In contrary, many airports outside US find it extremely difficult to decide whether to authorise in a several jillion dollars structure which might be never used or instead invest in caterpillar track quality improvements and also focalizationing on stabilise approaches which they se em to be more than in effect(p) in stay freshing runway overrun in the first place (Eurocontrol). Currently EMAS installation within RESA is a fragmented scenario curiously in Europe once the entire eventualities be covered (CAA, 2010b). nonetheless various aviation authorities are supportive with the idea if aresstor beds as an effectual and efficient mitigator (CAA, 2010b Eurocontrol, 2010b). that EMAS should be taken into consideration in light of other resistative methods.CAA Currently CAA is assisting ICAO with study focused on the touch-down lights partitionicularly for the aerodromes with steep approaches as vigorous as short run slipway. There will be a proposal to implement a set of lights as it is currently put one overed by capital of the United Kingdom City Airport aiming to assist run crew to initiate a go- just just about in cases where controls fail to land within the eliminate touch-down zone (CAA, 2010b). CAA (2010b) refer that they are contributin g to prove safety margins through a different approach which is to identify risks and checkly implement preventative measures than investing financially into a infrastructure. However a member of CAA aerodrome safety points out that civil aviation authorities in many European countries are gradually next the footsteps of FAA with regards to promoting safety equipments and procedures. They are starting to introduce themselves not lone(prenominal) as a regulator with regards to runway safety which conducts regular aerodromes auditing yet they are initiating to detect and encourage any safety enhancement within aerodromes. It may be true that they do not fork up the budget like FAA to support safety projects yet they are offering consultations on variety of options available for each airport to consider which they might be unaware of such solutions, aiming to maximise margins of erroneous belief.CAA CAA has unceasingly throwd and supported the 240m should be the ICAO standard . Meanwhile the idea of EMAS has been part of the recent debate as CAA are currently putting a paper together to propose it to ICAO in October 2010 which they hope it passed through panels and eventually to the Air Navigation Council (ANC) and by the time it reaches this point, it will be mature document with all different agreements from all parties, however the gestation period for these types of processes may take up to 5 years. This is pivotal to focus and study the procedures followed by ICAO before reservation any improvements to annexes, as they operate on the tooshie of consensus and it generally takes a long times to collects agreements from almost if not all member states.CAA correspond to a runway safety advisor at CAA, who worked with many airports has identied that the concept of capital expenditure in any aerodrome being large, medium or small was revolved around balancing acts between a varieties of competing needs. save, in some airports where there are defici encies in their RESA, it is belt up the responsibility of board not the CAA to make the decision which in most cases is the commercial business decision. Unfortunately, there is a deficiency within the current system that suggests at some airports collectible to lack of financial favorableness of some safety projects, the proposed safety enhancement will be compromised with economical issues.YP In case of UK CAA enforcing 240m RESA as a destiny for all UK airports regardless of their size just like FAA might be importantly effective in maximising safety margins yet the social hail of such enforcement on hostelry would be destructive, therefore, it is apparent that it is unlikely to happen due to its unfavourable nature.YP However this is the gap where IATAs adopted insurance policy of implementing rules could lead on ICAO towards alternative level of compliance. Moreover it is possible that in near future IATA could be setting up an implementing rule which states with rega rds to annex 14 RESAs, the alternative means of compliance to the current requirement is an approved arrestor bed (CAA, 2010b).YP There is currently a debate whether aerodromes should declare mapping and charting RESA or EMAS in aeronautical notification publications. This has been raised on the basis of risk compensation where reaching RESA is suggested to make pilots less cautious during landing once they know that they have extra space for landing. In contrast, IFALPA (2008) states extra RESA would be effective as it would provide extra braking capacity for operating crew as excursion casualtys rate has not ameliorate for the past 20 years (Eurocontrol, 2010).CAA- Proposals for the inclusion body of information about arrestor system will be considered by ICAO in October (CAA, 2010). According to CAA there are currently some airports in UK that are considering to adopt an EMAS at their RESA.EMAS Kevin KQKQ Currently Zodiac Aerospace is working with ICAO in battle array to g et their support, recognition and applause of EMAS as an effective product and harmonise to Quan (2010) there will be hopefully an amendment to annex 14 by December 2010, which would state that ICAO receipt and accept the product as an option for airport to meet their RESA requirements. Once the approval is made, other countries aviation authorities will be more serious about the product particularly after the ICAO requirements has been met.KQ Cost of an EMAS will depend on location and the design aircraft type for which the arrestor bed will be installed for, however, a project in US is less expensive than other countries due to the merchant vessels exist such as shipping. According to Quan an EMAS project in US could be between 3-10 million US dollars.KQ Even though EMAS has been funded and approved by FAA but every US airport before installation must(prenominal) consider other alternatives such as use of declared distance which reassigns some part of runway as a RESA. Thi s option would certainly introduce operational limitations and also shorter runway promotes lower utility from the airfield. However the FAA requirement is 300m RESA which is only recommendation by ICAO. As there are many airports in US which are limited to meet the FAA RESA requirement, which encourages them to adopt other alternatives such as putting as much EMAS bed as possible in their RSA to enhance their safety margins (Quan, 2010). According to ESCO (2010), the smallest EMAS bed installed in US is about 50m length and 30m width.KQ As FAA essentially encourages airports to endeavour and deploy highest practical limit of safety (Heald, 2010). According to Advisory Circle 5200.9 (FAA, 2005) every airport aiming to meet the requirement must do a 20 years life cycle values to establish the cost of installing an EMAS on each end of runway and furthermore the airport is then permitted to spend up to the calculated cost value from AIP budget to improve safety.KQ In case of Madrid , the EMAS was not deployed to meet the ICAO recommended workout, as the runway had already 240m of RESA beyond the runway strip. However Madrids airport authority decided to deploy EMAS on two match runways due to the operational concerns involved. They two sets of parallel runways, one set are used for landing and the other is used for takeoff.KQ Additionally, the landing runway has a safety area which intercepts to safety area of another(prenominal) runway, in essence, there were two safety areas occupying the same space. Their concern was in case of an overrun in landing runway and the aircraft ends up in the safety area that a portion of which intersects the departure runway safety area. Consequently both runways would be closed, therefore, they decided to deploy EMAS within the safety area to prevent the overrunning aircraft from entering the other RESA.KQ Based on study conducted by ESCO (2010), the EMAS bed is most earmark at airports with geographical and physical limi tations which constrain them to meet the ICAOs requirement. For instance, a 400ft of EMAS bed is as effective as 1000ft RESA in stopping B737 travelling pass the end of runway with speed of 70knot. Considering the reduction in foot target requirement is promotes EMAS as an ideal solution for many airports worldwide.KQ -EMAS bed is base on a modular system, therefore, during an overrun only the sections that are used to pass the tyres and stop the aircraft need to be repaired. According to Quan (2010) an estimate outlay for each block in US market is roughly around 1200 US dollars. Moreover according to FSF (2006), repair of the arrestor bed that brought the 747 at John F. Kennedy International Airport to rest in December 2005 cost about US$2 million dollars, as it stands to the most costly repair know to ESCO.The most recent EMAS arrestment was outlined by KQ, which was a Bombardier CRJ-200 operated by a regional Jet at Charleston, West Virginia. The aircraft entered an EMAS bed that comprised of 4200 blocks and it brought the aircraft to stop safely, saving over 34 people and only consumed 170 blocks where there is a steep 446ft beyond the EMAS bed (EMAS, 2010). In case of any overrun, the operator of the aircraft is liable for the repair of the airport property as the aircraft has ended up at a point which is technically not suppose to enter. Typically the insurer of the aircraft operator pays for repair of any damage to airport property.EMAS David DHDH EMAS beds implementation in both China and Spain were conducted according to FAAs policy. However, once ICAO recognise EMAS as suitable alternative to standard recommended RESA, ICAO position will not make any reference to FAA policies.DH In essence FAA considers an EMAS capable of decelerating range of aircrafts on a runway at 70 knots, based on the study conducted by FAA that found that 90 percent of aircraft depart the end of runway at 70knot or less. Furthermore, FAA approves such systems equivalent to 305m safety area in US. According to Zodiac Aerospace (2010) every EMAS installation was funded through AIP. However the final stage for any airport upon the acceptance of an EMAS as an effective substitute to RESA that aims to meet the ICAOs requirements is based on financial calculations. The most financial feasible option for airport usually will be chosen, whether it is to install an EMAS, shift or shorten the runway to meet the requirements (Heald, 2010).DH Additionally if there is a situation where there are physical simplicitys that are not practical to remove such as highways, railroad lines and any topographical features that would cause the cost to be so high as to preclude that area, an EMAS becomes an appropriate choice. According to ESCO (2008), airports also tend to deploy EMAS where there have been environmental concerns associated with expansion of RESA such as physical cost of acquisition.DH As it was pointed out by DH, China was the first country to adopt E MAS outside US, using it to maximise its runway safety margins at high-altitude airport in Jiuzhaigou (FSF, 2006).DH One of the most life-sustaining advantages of EMAS over normal RESA is that its predictable static properties as oppose to RESA which could be influenced significantly by adverse weather conditions. EMAS has been designed not to be impact by meteorological conditions. Furthermore, the performance of an overrunning aircraft on a grassy RESA with length of 240m is unpredictable, as the grass could be wet, muddy or frozen. As the results, even a recommended RESA at poor weather condition might fail to accommodate an overrunning aircraft in case of which the properties of grounds surface have been compromised such that it will not support the weight of the aircraft.DH On May 25, 2008, a Kalitta Air B747-200 overran runway 20 of the Brussels Airport, Belgium after a Rejected Take-Off. According to the final accident report by Air Accident Investigation Unit (AAIU), the aircraft came to halt 300m after the doorstep where pilot escape slide was going down to railway bed. There were no fatalities however the aircraft was completely destroyed and broken down in three parts. Although runway 20 meets the ICAO minimum requirements but it does not aline to the ICAO recommendation as the extension of RESA is extremely costly. There will be a serious cost issue since runway 20 is geographically constraint due to the presence of the railway tracks on one end and existence of motorway from the other end.DH Moreover, AAIU have recommended Brussels Airport Authorities to consider installing EMAS to maximise the braking effect. Computational analysis conducted by AAIU proves that in case of EMAS in placed within the RESA, the aircraft would have came to halt within the designated RESA and the level of acerbity to the B747-200 would have been significantly minimised (AAIU, 2009).DH EMAS is a new technology and even in US, it was not until 2005 after FAA rel eased Advisory Circle 5200.9 which finally established a policy on its application. According to Zodiac Aerospace, ICAO has started studying EMAS since early 2008 and moreover ICAO revises its annex every 7 years.DH From the primary research conducted it is found that EMAS shaper will work voluntarily unblock of charge with any airport worldwide to help them develop a preliminary propose solution as well as estimating preliminary cost of installing EMAS at ends of their runways (Zodiac Aerospace, 2010). For instance it has already been done for 5 airports in India and 6 airports in Thailand free of charge.DH EMAS manufacturer states that it was not until 2006 that they felt their product is appropriate and ready for planetary market, as they are producing third generation of EMAS. The preceding generations required high level of maintenance such that for the cases of airports in US which have deployed EMAS before 2006 require to resurface their EMAS bed every 3 to 5 years whic h could cost them between US $100,000 to US $300,000 (ESCO, 2010b) which is a significant drawback to ownership. Furthermore, EMAS manufacturer were not keen to enter international market prior to the introduction of the most recent generation EMASMAX where it does not have a maintenance intense nature. EMASMAX bed eliminates large cost of ownership which encouraged Zodiac Aerospace to promote its product more confidently to international market.DH Today many airport mangers are unwilling to deploy EMAS within their RESA even though there are significant amount of evidence that supports the effectiveness of such proposal. Currently there are no acknowledgements made by ICAO to support airports which are suffering from lack of inadequate safety margins at their RESA to consider EMAS as an approved and efficient substitute.DH EMAS recommends airports with runways having inadequate RESA to acquire from EMAS as an alternative technology. In some countries transportation safety depa rtment recognise the effectiveness of such device, however regulator silence remains to be reluctant and fails to acknowledge and respond to such proposal.DH In April 2008, Austrailian Civil Aviation Safety Administration (CASA) part 139 aerodrome standards were revised to permit an alternative Engineering solution to be deployed within RESA (CASA, 2009). They used engineering solution rather than EMAS since it would have appeared to be recommending a manufacturer rather than a safety concept. However, EMAS brass section is the only company approved by FAA to install EMAS beds.DH CASA has completed the project of ensuring all of it air carrier runways to meet ICAO requirements except runway 25 at Sydney Kingsford Smith International Airport (FSF, 2008). Although RESAs have been adopted for the other five runways fairly simply however runway 25 had been challenged by physical constrains to extend its RESA in order to meet ICAO requirement. Runway 25 abutted a major highway, airpor t perimeter road and a river which introduced heavy cost issues as the airport authorities decided to build a RESA above the obstructions. According to project manager Mr. Plummer (2010) the final cost of building the sixth and final RESA at Sydney airport was around $AU100 million which contradicts with published information on Sydney airport website that states Sydney Airports $AU100 million runway safety project is completed on the 1st of April 2010 which cover the cost of extension of all six runways.DH In addition, while the construction was being carried out, Airport authority opted to establish temporary RESA for runway 25 by decrease the take-off and landing distance on the 2529m runway by 97 meters (FSF, 2008). The criticisms still remain against Sydney airport authority as they failed to acknowledge the revised aerodrome standard made by CASA which in effect permitted airports to deploy an engineering solution to enhance their RESA safety margins. Having spent over $AU2 5 million just on the final sixth they still have not reaches ICAOs standard recommended practices, moreover, they could have install EMAS for another $AU6 million (EMAS, 2010).DH Having established that, from ICAOs point of view Sydney airport currently meets the standards, however, there is a little motivation for airport such as Sydney to endeavour to reach the ICAO recommended practice particularly if the airport is owned and operated by a profit control organisation. Moreover, in case of an overrun accident Sydney airport authority will not be in a position to defend themselves if they will asked on what basis they did not try to meet the recommended practice as they failed to deploy engineering solutions according to part-139 to mitigate risks and promote higher level of safety. Certainly it is beyond financial feasibility considerations as they could have invested a few more million dollars in installing EMAS which would driven their RESA safety standard more towards recomm ended practice than minimum requirement.The Australian Airports Association reported to the Air Transportation Safety Board that the Association does not believe a safety case for extending RESAs beyond 90 m in length can be mounted or sustained (ATSB, 2009).DH Currently, ICAO is looking into permitting arresting systems to be installed within runway RESA. In addition, ICAO is focusing to revise runway strip specifications, as of now, only objects allowed in runway strip are navigation aids provided that they are not hazards to operating aircraft. However, once the specifications are revised the outcome might allow navigational aids as well as aircraft safety systems in the runway strip. This modification will permit EMAS to be installed 11 meter from the runway end (EMAS, 2010). As DH suggests, The safety of the flying public and the credibility of our industry depends on making the right choices, and on implementing new technologies. We must choose wisely and we must always choo se safety.SMSAccording to Morier (2005), the traditional approach to safety management was particularly concentrated on following certain required standards and react after the accidents has taken place which blinded the authorities to look beyond the regulation. They failed to concentrate on how safety margin could be enhanced which is strongly adopted by SMS (Kikland, 2001). As SMS is adopted the mentality and the safety culture existed within the implemented aviation organisation has been significantly improved where management by oversight has been replaced by management insight (Leveson, 2004). In line with this, Kirkland (2001b) states that UK CAA has altered its safety regulation policy from enforcing rules into auditing and mitigating.Currently there are many aerodrome licensees around the world that fail adopt a SMS to minimise risks to reduce the likelihood of an overrun. A crucial driver in order to implement SMS in an aviation organisation is the general willing of the m anagers to improve the safety standards considering operational and economical efficiencies in case of adopting SMS (ICAO, 2006).SMS has a proactive nature which tends to solve and rectify shortfalls prior to an accident. SMS is effectively based on the accidents and incidents reports as well as other daily reports which bet any unsafe area which could cause vulner exponent to the system. once the area with certain level of risk is identified, specific mitigating measures can be adopted according to the level of severity of the risk. Consequently, SMS enables an airport to evaluate its safety standards as it is more transparent and clear to measure (ICAO, 2006).As SMS is a continuous cycle, it continues to be updated and improved once it is implemented within an organisation, therefore it gradually become a uniform process which starts with risk identification, followed by risk evaluation, implementing mitigation measures and finally observe their effectiveness in managing the ide ntified risks (Mitchell, 2010).According to ICAO, SMS adopted by an airport is defined asA system for the management of safety at aerodromes including the organisational structure, responsibilities, processes and nutriment for the implementation of aerodrome safety policies by an aerodrome operator, which provides for the control of safety at, and the safe use of, the aerodrome (ICAO 2002b).SMS ha s various advantages to the tradition approach. SMS is based on collecting and analysing relevant factors to monitor and manage risks. This method as it is based on quantitative as well qualitative evidences, avoid the previous influential human judgement. Another advantage of using SMS is it allows the organisation not only to identify yet to prioritise various challenges according to their level of severity (DOT, 2006).Once the SMS is adopted, the airport automatically becomes more practical in monitoring risks and implementing robust procedures to manage safety (CAA, 2003). Unfortunate ly, there are still cost issues which prevent an SMS to be adopted by many aviation organisations, particularly in third world countries. This is why the later stage of this report will focus on a cost analysis of installing an engineering device within RESA of Mangalore Airport in India, in order to enhance the survivability of the passengers in a case of an overrun.Summaryof just SMSExcursion accidents are not just about an adequate RESA or EMAS, in fact they are involved precision approaches, the ability to stabilise the approach for the pilot and landing on the touchdown zone at the right end of the runway. Moreover, ability to take the most appropriate exit for pilot while having the freedom to taxi to terminal without undue pressure of having taken an exit.Overall, EMAS is a mitigator not a preventer (Eurocontrol, 2010). It must not be forgotten to invest on the ways which the overrun accident could have been prevented from happening. The very first step must be focused on tra cking and identifying contributing factors and how effectively it can be managed to enhance safety margins. However, this thesis focuses on improving safety margins while minimising the severity level of damages post-overrun accident. .EMAS Financial FeasibilityThis part focuses to answer the final objective of this thesis which is to evaluate the financial feasibility of installing EMAS. To study this, a case study is proposed which is based on the most recent fatal overrun accident that occurred in India, Mangalore Airport, which killed 158 people onboard, on the 22nd of May 2010. Air India Express was operating B737-800 which overran the 2450m (8,033ft) runway number 06/24 (Hindustan Times, 2010). Financial calculation for installing EMAS will be structured according to FAA Order 5200.9 (FAA, 2005) however there are some assumptions and estimations in the calculation due to limited data received from Mangalore Airport.Mangalores overrunThe accident report is yet to be completed b y Indias accident investigation unit, however according to Hepher (2010a), the aircraft arrive long and over shot the runway and consequently ended up in a steep ravine at the end of the runway. As the aircraft was overrunning the end of the runway, it modify the Instrument Landing System (ILS) localiser antenna which is an instrument to provide precision guidance to operating crew of an aircraft which is approaching and landing on a runway. still the damaged caused to the ILS significant delays or cancelled number of flight which took Mangalores airport authority more than a month to return to their normal/scheduled operation.The Boeing 737-800 is counted and known as one of the most reliable and competitive aircraft in the current market which is operated by many airline all over the world. It current price in the market is between 66-75 million dollars (Hepher, 2010b). According to Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) (2010) Mangalore crash is the worst accident involving 737-800 so far. In addition according to Ranganathan (2010), The Air India Express crash was waiting to happen.The current level of safety standards adopted in Indian civil aviation authority are significantly below the SARPs required by ICAO, particularly regarding the Aerodrome design. Even though there have some changes and amendments made in the regulation in order to rectify some of the issues but systematic rot is so deep (Gupta, 2010). Recent countrys robust growth promoted rapid growth and need for air travel. Indias international market for air travel has tripled between 2000 and 2008 (IATA, 2009) but its infrastructural safety margin are stretched beyond the recommended safe level by ICAO.Even though the runway 06/24 met the required RESA by ICAO and adequate runway length was provided for B737-800 to land but its adopted safety margins for its RESA did not allow any room for error in case of an overrun or veer-off. As previously mentioned, runway excursions make quarter of air tran sport accidents and incident (IFALPA, 2008) and yet there is still no unified standard for RESA and installation of safety areas where they are potentially needed to minimise the possibility of runway overruns.According to an anonymous Indian formalised involved in aviation, A disaster was waiting to happen and we have been very lucky to have had no major accidents in the past 10 years,. This is in line with Indias director of general civil aviation Mr. Gohain statement in April 2008 which reportedly said that India had just three inspectors for 10 commercial airlines and 600 planes. (worldaviationjournal, 2010). According to ICAOs safety audit, India was listed as the worst country in terms of technical personnel qualification and training(ICAO, 2006).The crash at Mangalore airport occur just about four after a similar fatal accident was prevented. The aircraft came to halt within designated safety area at Charleston Airport, (West Virginia), where the airport authority installed EMAS to enhance the level of survivability of their RESAs. Only after such disastrous event, Indian civil aviation authority decides to extend the runway 06/24 from 2450m to 2743m where as the result its RESA will extend too (Aviation Week, 2010). However, if there was an EMAS installed prior to the accident not only so many lives would have been saved but many unfavourable cost to airlines and airport would have avoided. Therefore next section will focus on cost analysis of installing an EMAS at Mangalore airport. EMAS is one of the alternative ways which airport authorities could have adopted in order maximise the safety margins. Consequently, the level of severity of the crash could have been significantly reduced if not completely avoided. DP -Believes that if AAI had followed and adopted specific safety measures by studying the accident predictive model which was developed by Wong (2007), they could have saved so many lived but they ignored such safety implementations.DP- The c ost of an overrun accident can be more many time more than the cost of mitigating the risks but unfortunately, cost minimisation has been considered more important than safety maximisation where airports decided to choose an option which offer lower margin error but it costs less.DP-Pitfield (2010) states in case where there is no adequate RESA is in place, airport authority should also consider closing the runway since there is no margin of an error unless the runway is long enough to extend the RESA without introducing operational limitations to the airport.DP- Even though the Pilots operated many time to that particular airport, Pitfield states that they are not the main people to be blamed. The most destructive factor is the some shortfalls of present airport safety area regulations which are not uniformly monitored around the world. However the existing shortfalls in the present RESA regulation are gradually improved by introduction of Safety Management System (SMS) (Pitfield, 2010). However he still believes that there would be still institutional infrastructural constraints on implementing RESA from an aerodrome perspective.EMAS Installation Cost at Mangalore AirportThe financial feasibility is considered vital, since it is one the most effective alternative options for airports particularly facing geographical limitations, consequently they are constraints by terrains or obstacles to extend their RESA. There are number of ways to calculate EMAS installation cost, however the most recommended way is followed by a guideline produced by FAA Order 5200.9 and EMAS manufacturer (Zodiac Aerospace). Airport Authority of India (AAI) agreed to provide the author current information regarding runway 06/24 to estimate the cost of installing an EMAS at both ends of the runway.In order to calculate the cost certain factors specific to the airport must be consideredEMAS must be capable of safely bringing a DESIGN/CRITICAL aircraft (which is in most cases the most fr equent and heaviest aircraft that uses the runway) overrunning the threshold (end of runway) with a speed of 70 knots. The accident investigation unit has not yet reported the speed which B737-800 overran the end of runway at Mangalore airp

The Whaling And Whale Watching Industry Tourism Essay

The Whaling And Whale Watching Industry Tourism EssayThe ecotourism industry, once a niche market for the environmentally concerned travellers is getting more popular in the recent years and the number of touring cars participating in this particular tourism segment is increasing (Wood, 2001).Ecotourism ab initio describe the nature-based travel to relatively undisturbed beas with education as the chief(prenominal) purpose. Through the years, the concept of ecotourism has matured to a definition that should comprise of a fewer elements including nature-based, active participation, progressive education travel, interpretation of natural environments, social and cultural components, involvement and returns for the local confederacy and alike the counsel to be ecologically and environmentally sustainable (Parks, Parks, Allen, 2009).In ecotourism, the activities discount range from a few hours of nature appreciation to a long duration tour that go away head months. This inc ludes activities such as presentation of the marine biology on a cruise (cetacean-watching), a guided tour in a national park, snorkelling and many more.The main objective of this essay is to further discuss hunt down-watching, a type of cetacean watching, rough the world and if this activity is affecting the behaviours of the giants population near the coastal area.Whale-watchingWhale-watching is a mercenary-grade activity that is carried out by the tourists to observe, swim with and/or listen to the whales in their natural habitat. These activities are normally for recreation purpose however whale-watching piece of ass similarly serve scientific and educational purpose.During the past years, a phenomenal growth for whale watching as tourism activity has been observed around the world. This particular activity has involved an estimated of 9 million participants yearly in 87 countries and generates approximately US$1 billion each year (Hoyt, 2000)With the moneymaking(a) pro fit from obtainable from whale-watching activity, this have led to heated debates on the whale-watching and whaling industry. It has been argued that whaling is incompatible with whale-watching (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact grammatical eccentric person study from the Dominican Republic, 2009). In a survey take awayed, it was assemble out that 91.4% of whale-watching tourists would not go to countries whereby they hunt whales for commercial purpose to engage in whale watching and that 79% of them would even boycott visiting the country (Parsons and Rawles, 2003, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact exercise study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)).A few of the more popular sites for whale-watching includes Kaikoura, sore Zealand Tofino and Telegraph Cove, in British Columbia, Canada Ogata and Ogasawara, Japan Friday Harbour, Washington, USA Hervey Bay, Byron Bay, and Monkey Mia, Australia Husavik, Iceland and many more. gibe to Hoyt (2000), the most common focal species for whale-watching industries are the humpback whales, gray whales, northern and southern right whales, blue whales, minke whales, sperm whales, short-finned pilot whales, orcas and bottlenose dolphin.Despite the benefits obtained from whale-watching activity, operators should take caution while carrying out these activities as the recreational activities in the inshore water can pose a major threat to the whales and dolphins. The threats can delinquent to direct cause such as injuries collectable to accidental cuts by the boats propeller, or an indirect stress to them from the high frequency sounds do by the vessels motor.In order to prevent such harms towards the animals, the operators should follow by the marine code of conduct in order to foster the animals welfare. There are different set of code of conduct that are used across the world but the common rules found in these code includes maintaining a certain distance from the animals, maintain a predictable course and speed when near the animals and also move away if signs of flapping are dis symbolizeed by the animals.However, is it sufficient to just adhere to the code of conduct and should there be more actions to be undertaken by the g overnment to aid in the sustainability of this tourism activity. Several studies have been carried out throughout several regions to discuss more on the issues of the whale-watching activities and whether this activity is sustainable.Literature ReviewsWhaling and Whale-WatchingDebates have been going on global on the issue on whether whaling can co-exist with whale-watching in a region. It has been stated that there is an imperative need to evaluate the cultural and the environmental set of the tourists and convalesce out what are the factors that attracts or discourages them from participating in whale-watching activity (Higham, 2007 and Lusseau, 2008, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reas on not to support whaling a tourism impact aspect study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)). However, there are rebuttal on such claims, indicating that the fact whereby countries such as Iceland, Japan and Norway all engage in active whaling and yet have whale-watching activities within their countries and thus it is not valid to argue that whaling and whale-watching are incompatible (Corkeron, 2006, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)).According to Parson and Draheim (2009), the tourists whom participated in cetacean tourism tend to hold strong environmental values and thus may have very strong sentiments against whaling. Also, tourism receipts is the major source of economic income for the Dominican Republic, any activity that may affects the stability of this income could have major impacts within the country. The study also shows that with a highly visible national policy towards cetacean conservation, and opposition to the hunting and capture of cetaceans, it would be beneficial in attracting tourists to the country, whereas a visible pro-whaling policy might repel the tourists (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009).Higham and Lusseau, (2008) also state that the answer to whether whaling and whale-watching activity can coexist depends largely in the perceptions, values and behaviours of the tourists themselves.Effects of whale-watching on the animalsDespite the moneymaking(a) profits that can be obtained from whale-watching activity, the well-being of the animals involved in the activity, which mainly includes the cetaceans should be underscore, which thus leads to increasing number of studies focusing on whether the whale-watching activity will cause disturbance to the animals.Disturbance in this case is defined as the negative influence that interferes with the natural behaviour of ceta ceans and has a harmful outcome (Ritter, 2003, cited in (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009)).One of such studies was carried out in the whale-watching site at New South Wales (NSW). The main focus of whale-watching in NSW is the humpback whales, although there are also tours to watch other marine mammals such as dolphins and seals. Most of the watching will occur during the whales southern migration when the whales move much drawn-out than on their passage northwards. Signs of disturbance in the humpback whales around the world include orientation away from the vessel, augmentd in swimming speeds, prolonged ducking and changes in the respiration behaviour and such avoidance behaviour are observed in this study (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009).As this study is a short endpoint study, it cannot be used to conclude that such avoidance behaviours will cause any detrimental outcome for the whales involved. However, the possibilities of inducin g negative long-term doings onto the whales due to the reduction of the time spent foraging resting, socializing or suckling should not be ignored. Conservative approach on the management of the humpback whale-watching industry should be adopted to ensure that the short term impacts that was discovered in this study does not translate to the long term impacts (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009).Another study has been through on the killer whales to find out the behavioural responses of this species towards the whale-watching boats. It was stated that with the exposure of millions of the tourists to the animals in their natural environment, this may change the attitudes towards the protection of the critical habitat and endanger populations. Guidelines for whale-watching should be based on the actual impacts of the human activity on the whale behaviour instead of the perceived effects. Once again, it have being emphasised that when a whale is been disturbed, it sh ows sign of avoidance either by varying the duration of its dives, or by swimming faster or altering the deputation of swimming. Antagonistic behaviours such as slapping flukes or fins on the surface of the water may also be displayed. Since the changes in behaviours of the whales are observed when boats are near, management of whale-watching should adopt more conservative distance guidelines to present even greater benefit to the animals (Williams, Trites, Bain, 2002).Sustainability of whale-watchingAs mentioned above, whale-watching industry has enjoyed a phenomenal growth and brings in mercenary profit for the community that carries out this activity. With that, there are more participants in this industry and hence leading to an increasing number of regulations and guidelines that were developed in an search to ensure the sustainability of the industry. The need to develop appropriate guidelines for the commercial whale-watching activities should be attend to. Also, with the limited data available on the species and their behaviours there will be an urgent need to develop new knowledge and understanding to help guide management of the industry (Valentine, Birtles, Curnock, Arnold, Dunstan, 2004).The sustainability of the whale-watching activity and its associated benefits could be significantly affected by the changes in the occurrence of the local cetacean species in response to the global climate change. Global climate change refers to the net change in climate over time which is a consequence of either natural variability or human activity. It has been identified that both direct and indirect means by which changing of the sea surface temperature could affect the cetacean distribution. With that, it can cause the change in range of species distribution, the occurrence and abundance of individuals and the timing and lengths of migrations the effects on productive success and mortality levels. The above have clearly shown the potential implications for both cetacean species and whale-watching tourism (Lambert, Hunter, Pierce, MacLeod, 2010).FindingsStudies on the operations of the whale-watching activities in two different regions, New Zealand and Iceland have been done.Whale-watching in New ZealandAt Kaikoura, New Zealand, the male sperm whales are the primary focus for the commercially important whale-watching industry. With the growing industry, there is an increase in the concerns over the social, educational and environmental impacts of whale-watching on both the local human and whale populations.The cetacean relies on echolocation for foraging and communication, hence these species becomes exceptionally vulnerable to changes in their acoustic environment. For example, the addition of anthropogenic sound sources via the boats presence (research boat and whale-watching boats) results in a reduction of the mean blow interval of the whales. These tendencies to rationalize breath are due to the stress respond by the animal s (Richter, Dawson, Slooten, 2006).On top of the decreased respiratory periods, shorter surfacing intervals and sharp directional changes have also been identified as potentially unacceptable changes in behaviour. The above are evidences that are enough to suggest that the whale-watching industry in Kaikoura is having an adverse effect on the whales (Curtin, 2003).Whale-watching in IcelandIn Iceland the whale-watching industry did not begin until 1990 and the country is becoming a major player rapidly within the international whale-watching market (Parsons Rawles, 2010). As the coastal water of Iceland host a variety of cetacean species which includes the humpback whales, minke whales, blue whales and killer whales that are the target of whale-watching operations. Although the whaling activity in the Icelandic wet had ceased in 1989, but then whaling resumes during 2003 despite there is no legal process for that.The Icelandic government did little consideration on how the resume of the commercial whaling might impact on the whale-watching industry. And through the studies, it was discovered that the resumption of commercial whaling could cause a massive and critical reduction in the number of whale-watching tourist going on whale-watching trips in Iceland which in turn results in a loss of direct income (Parsons Rawles, 2010).Since whale-watching is currently the pillar of the Icelandic economy, thus care essential be taken so that the Icelandic government does not destroy it.AnalysisThrough the reviews of the studies that have been done on the whale-watching activity in discordant regions, particularly New Zealand and Iceland, it can be concluded that the whale-watching industry is a growing industry that is bound to bring in high revenue for the community that is conducting such activities. However, the whale-watching activity that is being carried out can cause disturbance to the cetaceans in the regions which leads to the change in behaviours of thes e animals. These changes in behaviours can cause adverse effect on the animals. On top of that, the whale-watching activity might cause direct injuries to these animals through the cuts by the propeller of the boats.Another issue is that commercial whaling should not coexist with the whale-watching activity. As it has been found out that most of the whale-watchers are very environmentally motivated and they display great interest in the animal welfare issues (Parsons Rawles, 2010). Since mass of the whale-watchers have voiced out that they would boycott visiting a country that conducts hunts for cetaceans, places with whale-watching activity should consider with care regarding the implementation of whaling activity in the region since whale-watching can bring in high revenue for the destination and that introduction of whaling might bring down the benefit of whale-watching.RecommendationVoluntary approaches are being considered as an important tool for the conservation and environ mental management. The voluntary approaches towards conservation can include agreements between regulatory agencies and private enterprise, agreements among the industrial firms, or code of conduct within a professional or industrial group (Wiley, Moller, Pace III, Carlson, 2008). Voluntary agreement to the operational procedures can be established for commercial whale-watching vessels that are used to view the endangered or protected species of whales. Guidelines can be created to avoid whale strikes and to prevent the whale-watching boats from disrupting the animals. This is important as in some of the areas, commercial whale-watching boats have a relatively high frequency of collisions with the whales, contributing high noise levels around the whales, disrupting whale behaviour and reducing the reproductive fitness of the whale (Wiley, Moller, Pace III, Carlson, 2008).Besides the use of voluntary approach, collaborative relationships can be established between the whale-watchin g companies and the related organizations and individuals that make up the organizational field. These collaborations can play an important role in structuring the relationships and understandings of members of the field (Lawrence, Phillips, Hardy, 1999). By collaboration, it refers to a cooperative, inter-organisational relationship that is negotiated in an ongoing communicative method.Science educationConclusion

Does Fast Food Cause Obesity?

Does loyal Food Ca mathematical function Obesity?Fast Food Ca office ObesityThe United States is a unbosom country where we ar tout ensembleowed to submit and pick whatever restaurants we eat at, order at those restaurants, type of diet we purchase at the grocery store, etc.Twenty percent of children in US atomic number 18 considered overweight or rotund at age 11. It has various severe enduring effects for your wellness, and it is a important cause of preventable deaths in the USA. Obesity usher out lead to high blood pressure diabetes, and heart disease if left untreated. Even though we be living in a community with technological advancement and great economic power we lose negligible quantity of realistic nutritional facts. Currently we are quick in a territory which is plagued with fleshiness. Evidently, there are more than a few diverse reasons for our countrys lofty percentage of obese inhabitants. some(prenominal) safe dont entertain forbidden how to eat hea lthy, which can be tougher than supposed, or cleverness non learn the clip to sit down to a healthy nutrition. Or just discover it simpler to collect something coming home from work or school than cook. Most people today do not take out succession to ope ordinate nor do they eat healthy feeds. In these age society people consume profligate food promote than 3 times a day.Fast food has been illustrated as food which is made in rush for people who do not have time for proper meal times. These foods are extremely trendy with the working people and students in view of the fact that they do not have sufficient time to sit and get sport from a complete meal course. Fast food comprises of the burgers and fries. These kinds of foods are typically made in hurry to meet the growing demand particularly passim the rush hours. The recognition of this kind of food is hang on the reality that they are for all time ready and can be taken in a short notice as in opposition to the com plete meal course where one has to set an order in advance.The total of solid food restaurants since 1990, in industry have raised in doubled, which connects to about 200,000 organizations in the USA. Surprisingly, 30 % of the population of U.S. is influenced by obesity and 15 % of kids and adolescents are as well affected. Thus there is a connection among spry food and obesity? Brownell, KellyFast food is at the present served up at any restaurants and drive-through. The entire experience of buying straightaway food has turn out to be so routine, so methodically unexceptional and ordinary, that it is at the present taken for granted, like cleaning your teeth. It has turn out to be a social custom as American as a little, rectangular, hand-held, freezing, and heated apple pie. On any specified day in the United States with reference to one-quarter of the adult population tapovers a fast food restaurant. When we lis ecstasy in the name of McDonald, KFCs, pizza pie Hut the water appears in our mouth as it meet all our taste prerequisites at a low down price. The fast food which is hustling from these companies is serve up commercially, which takes simply a only some seconds to accumulate, is appetizing and affordable.Other than while eating this delicious food, have we think regarding the nutritional compromises, this food include a colossal amount of fats and oils, carbohydrates which can source a larger risk of hypertension, diabetes, create person fluffy and also source of genus Cancer heart attack. Eating fast food in huge amount rebuilds poison in the corpse. So, in extra words we can state that we are procuring poison in the structure of fast food. Schlosser, Eric,The bulk of our towns and cities have chains of fast food located on each corner and at the comparable time our newpapers, television, and radio stations are packed with commercials alluring us to trial the diverse products in proffer in these establishments. It is valued to be stat e that the majority of these ads are typically selected in the direction of kids and adolescents validating the grounds why obesity amongst these groups has been on the ascend. Research which have been executed in diverse cities in America have establish out that the majority of the joints of fast food are expediently located close to colleges, schools, and offices.In a research which was carried out by National Bureau of Economic Research it was establish that school kids whose classes were merely a few blocks away from an outlet of fast food were additional expect to endure from obesity as evaluated to those whose school was only mile away from the fast food outlet. The study establish out that the overweight and obesity rate amongst these kids was 5% superior amongst those whose schools were close to fast food outlets in contrast to those students whose schools were in areas which were far away from the fast food outlets which sold this kind of food (Rabin, R 2009)Studies has es tablish that those families which prefer the fast food as their foremost meal for additional than 3 times in one week are at an extremely lofty hazard of developing obesity. In terms of medical, obesity has been explained as a concern of domain health which is putting a lot of people at hazard of developing impediments which might direct to early on death. Obesitymeans an excess amount of body fat. If a persons body mass is no less than 20% higher than what it be supposed to be, he or she is usually deemed as obese. If persons Body battalion Index (BMI) is surrounded by 25 and 29.9 he or she is considered as an overweight. If a persons BMI is 30 or over he or she is considered as obese. Obesity has been influencing a lot of the people of American on an unconstructive scale. If prospective on how to fight this battle is changed, we will carry on to lose.Pediatricians, Parents, and even political leading and Government are focused on promoting healthy weight in kids because obesit y is becoming a huge epidemic in the United States. The fast foods are loaded in energy giving foods constructing them superior cause for weight gain amongst individuals who eat this kind of food. They are additional overloaded fats and sugars to construct them tempting to the customers, these 2 nutrients have superior calories rate as compared to additional kind of food. The reality that they are inveigled and sweetened with sugar and fats constructs the consumer to consume in huge quantities to satisfy their urge. They are as well identified to eat regularly in bits such that they do not determine any further meal aside from these foods. This disallow them a prospect to provide their bodies with additional essential nutrients consequently being prone to obesity.Most of us do not fuck how much fat and grease goes into these fries and burgers and everything else, but this does not seem to usually matter to us Americans until we have reached a map of embarrassment of, obese weigh t from eating our favorite fast food way too many times a week. The United States is a free country. Where we are allowed to choose and pick whatever restaurants we eat at, order at those restaurants, how a great deal food we purchase at the grocery shops, the type of food we acquire at the grocery store, etc.Twenty percent of children in US are considered overweight or obese at age 11. It has various serious long-term consequences for your health, and it is a important cause of preventable deaths in the USA. Perhaps from physical problems with an emotional attachment to foods, it could lead to compulsive overeating, Psychological problems like new(prenominal) federal agents in obesity that are recounted to obesity are not the sources, however are the consequences. The enormous psychological burden imposed by obesity on an individual might be the severest outcome on obesity.Weight gain starts when you eat more calories than your body utilizes up. If the food you eat provides more calories than your body ask, the excess food is born-again to fat. Fat cells initially, increase in size. They increase in number, when they can no longer expand. If one loses weight, the bulk of the fat cells lessens, excluding the numeral of cells do not. We start to lastly realize when all fat and grease has made it straight to our body, and every other organ for that matter. Obesity in general runs in families which are sourced by shared lifestyle habits and diet..Obesity can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease if left untreated. Even though we are living in a nation with technological advancement and great economic power we have smallest amount of nutritional practical facts. We are existing on a ground which is plagued with obesity. US health Policymakers are saying that aggressive action need to be taken to stem the growth of theobesityepidemic in the United States, which is effecting the nations health-care system, approaching many of Americans into an untimely death each year and endangering the lives of millions ofchildren, many of whom are or obese overweight before they enter kindergarten. Several local anesthetic and state governments have recommended put into practice an excise tax on sugar-appeased drinks. Caraher M, CowburnObesity can lead to a number of different health issues one of the most popular is high blood pressure. One half of Americans aged 50-65 have high blood pressure, which is a rising risk factor for stroke and heart disease and cardinal in five are obese according to Health, United States 2005 Van Itallie High blood pressure is an rise in the blood amount your heart is pushing through the body with every heartbeat.Main apprehension for the overweight citizens of our state is the health problems that come from obesity, the heart problems type two diabetes, and the many lives are lost today because of obesity.There has been a dispute that fast foods do not source obesity to a sealed finish than eating of extra calories than the body can devour is what directs to gain of weight. Individuals who hold this view dispute that environmental features for instance fast food consumption on a usual basis might direct to weight gain and in conclusion the peril of obesity however on the identical note such eating might not direct to weight gain. It has been mentioned that one can in point of fact lose weight when they are yet on such sort of diet. This can be made in the course of balancing the right amount of consumed calories in the day course and what the body eventually uses. If the body utilizes further than is typically consumed the individual will lose some weight.One of the attributes which one must(prenominal) deem in an endeavor to establish whether fast food in reality source obesity is to glance at the choices of lifestyle which may direct to this predicament. For instance people who have made it a practice to eat fast food for the superior fraction of their week devoid of enga ging in additional physical activities will further expected append weight and possibly wind up being obese. Conversely it is worthy to note that eating of further type of food particularly those which are lower in fats will not for all time direct to problems of body weight. It is clearly apparent that people who eat fast food are at a larger risk of being obese than those who consume further type of food. (Seeman Neil and Patrick Luciani.2008)Fast food if taken devoid of self-control direct to disturbing effects, they construct children append weight add to the risk of problems of cardiovascular in addition to diabetes. Obesity is one of the foremost predicaments connected with this sort of consumption. employment of Fast food has been illustrated by nutritional specialist as meager feeding in view of the fact that one does not acquire all the requisite nutrients and additional predominantly in the correct quantity. Fast foods are identified to be loaded in energy the majority of which is piled up in the body as fats make them hazardous for the consumers.Department of US of Health and Human Services (HHS) since 1980 has publishedHealthy volumereports every decade that identify national health targets for ten years, encourage collaborations across various sectors, guide individuals toward making informed health decisions and measure the impact of prevention activity. The new aim could be achieved by lessen calorie intake, increasing physical activity or both. These goals among other things include specific recommendations that address, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, nutritional labeling, the availability of lower-calorie childrens meals in restaurants, marketing of food and beverages to children, and) to monitor and track a childs body-mass index and provide interventions using the electronic medical record (EMR.By Telling someone to stop simply eating will not cure the obesity disease because it needs to be something that is in the genes of the per son. By telling someone simply to exercise more will not cure the obesity disease because food can be used as an outlet for stress. There is no light cause of obese, so there will never be a clear cut solution either. Governments can as well aid clip obesity, a lot of experts say, by providing farmers markets and supermarkets with incentives to offer healthier foods and institute their trades in small-income areas. Smed S, Jensen JD, Denver. Many, local governments schools and hospitals around the country have implemented policies to reduce obesity by banning the sale and serving of sugary drinks, which are high in calories and have little or no nutritional valueConclusionA good solution to any health concerns would be to grow your own food in a garden in your yard. When you grow your own food, you recognise whats going into the food, where it is coming from, and how lively it is. Foods grown by you are usually the healthiest, too, because it is almost always a natural process. D ong D, Lin B., Research which have been executed in the current past have established that fast food is the foremost source of obesity amongst the school going kids particularly in areas which fast food outlets are located close to schools or areas visited by this section of the population. In a few areas authorities have gone further on to limit opening up of outlets close to school to avert the children from over consuming these foods. This is one of the measures which must be rein forced to make certain that the kids to not over pamper in fast food divulging them to obesity. The masses must also be taught on the hazards of fast food, people must be persuaded to moderate their use to keep away from weight problems and additional complications connected with it.There are a variety of ways for promoting healthy weight in kids. We can resolve overeating of food issues at home and school. We can force our children to increase exercise and activity. For the majority children who are he avy or overweight, the safest and the majority efficient means to lose weight is to eat less andexerciseextra.. Make a chart this month to restrict fast food. You definitely do not have to slash it out altogether, nevertheless center on small improvements to the degree that you can. Just by setting your lunch a few days a week, you can use considerably less fat and calories. As it turns out to be easier for you, make extra changes. Steady changes can guide to an broad healthy life.Health is more significant then taste as a result by increasing eating homemade food pee assurance to our health by giving up consumption of fast food calories or fats and refined sugar and by eating fresh vegetables, fruits, take out and additional nutrient horded food in our daily diet. As a result, we have got to give up fast food and consume food which provides vitamins, fiber, minerals and additional protecting food to safeguard us in opposition to heart attack, diabetes cancers, and additional deg enerative disorders..As it can be perceived that the food which is additionally fresh have more nutritional implication as the homemade food is always fresh includes no preservative or chemical and constructs us wealthy, healthy, and wise. At last the effect appears to be that fast food is in large or small quantity provides diseases simply in contrast that homemade food enhances our health. As a result, endeavor should be to expand eating homemade food as a substitute of junk fast food.ReferencesCurrie,J Vigna,S Moretti,E and Pathania,V (2009) Effects of Fast Food Restaurant on Obesity accessed from http//elsa.berkeley.edu/sdellavi/wp/fastfoodJan09.pdf on 26th August 2011Seeman Neil and Patrick Luciani.(2008)XXLobesity and the limits of shame, University of Toronto PressRabin,R (2009) Proximity to Fast Food a Factor in Student Obesity, New York Times accessed from http//www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/health/nutrition/26obese.html on 24th August 2011Facilities Management Definition and orbital cavityFacilities Management Definition and ScopeThere are many definitions and imprecations of the term facilities concern. The British Institute for facilities Management (1996) defines it asThe practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of an organization, (It) integrates the belief of patronage administration, architecture and the behavioral and engineering sciences.As the overview of this definition (Figure 1.1) shows, facilities vigilance represents broad ranging issues.Managing FacilitiesThe overview of facilities ManagementFacilities ManagementBehavioral and engineering scienceThe physical workspacePeopleThe work of the organization architectureBusiness administrationWhat value does facilities management has the hotels?If facilities management is about managing physical assets, it has considerable relevance to other hospitality businesses, as the property or the premises in which the hospitality is delivered, form a major part of the product package sold to customers.Customer needs could be for overnight accommodation, a meeting area or a restaurant meal. In each case, the physical assets will form an important part of the product. or so of the common elements required to produce the accommodation product are shown in figure 1.2.Guests might also requireA source of information (e.g. regarding to other amenities)PrivacySecretarial assistancePorter ageCar- Parking SpaceRamp AccessLiftsPersonal laundry serviceSleeping facilitiesAs can be seen, the physical assets are prominent. The list could go on. Whereas many of the identified needs of customers are tangible (e.g. the lift, the guestroom and the hot water) and relate to physical assets, other needs (e.g. security and feeling of well-being) are largely intangible.Since the accommodation forms a major part of product, even in small hotels, the capital outlay or tax revenue expenditure on the property is proportionately high compared with other businesses. In or der for business to be conducted in a hotel, it is essential for at least(prenominal) certain of the physical assets to be actively managed. Although the term facilities management might not be used, elements of facilities management would need to be applied to hotels to achieve business success.The Accommodation productAppropriate heating lighting and ventilationAppropriate personal securityFeeling of well-beingSatisfactory standard of hygiene, safety, cleanliness, appearance and victualsProvision for personal hygieneFood and beverage provisionDesign and dcorAppropriate furniture, fittings, furnishings and equipmentThe development of facilities managementA property based subjectFacilities management as a practice has its roots in the USA, where development took place during the 1980s. It is evolving from a property management, services and maintenance (including cleaning, caretaking, and waste disposal and catering) into a much more proactive, strategic role. In this role, it is also concerned with the design of property and the work environment, purchasing and future management and maintenance of the property thus, it covers a broad area of non-core activities (see Figure 1.3). Such activities could include IT Services and even human resources management. It is strategic role of facilities management which will be developed in this book.The evolution of facilities managementRepairs and maintenanceCleaning and waste disposalProperty purchase and design for target marketProperty valuation to determine useRefits to meet change or needChanges of service to meet change in demand patternsPolicies on space utilization and staffing implicationsPolicies on planned management of all physical assetsFrom a management perspective, facilities management must consider the needs of all building users, together with the needs of others who may affect by the management of the building. The needs of the following people, therefore, have to be considered.Shareholders have a n interest in business and property value and the asset value and service standards must be maintained or developed.Employees need an efficient working environment. This is conductive to high morale and to high morale and to high quality and productivity.Customers in a hotel will not only be visiting the establishment, the will, hopefully, enjoy using its facilities. Considerable expertise must go into creating an atmosphere and environment which reinforces the good construe of the organization.The local community will be affected by the property. Aspects such as visual appearance, pollution, traffic (as a result of business), employment and the encouragement of local custom must be all managed.Reliable suppliers who provide consistent quality are very important to the success of any organization. They might be providing a service, staff, equipment or supplies. Partnership, strategic alliances and other agreements are some means by which this group can be managed.Recent history giv es some denotation as to how and why the concept of facilities management, in general, not just in the hospitality industry, has developed in the last decade and the hospitality industry, has developed in the last decade and suggest that although many of the strands are not new, the overall approach does not have a different emphasis.The various factors which may have attributed to the rise in facilities management will directly be considered.The scope of facilities managementCar fleet managementCleaningConstructionContract managementEnergy managementFurniture selectionHuman resourcesHealth and safetyInterior designLightingIT managementLinen and laundryMaintenance mechanised engineeringOrganizational behaviorProject managementReprographics and designSecuritySpace planning managementProcurement and supplies managementTravel managementAccountsAcousticsArchitectureComputer and designFactors attributing to the development of facilities managementCost reductionsFierce competition, depr essed trading conditions, higher energy costs and other economic elements have forced companies to look at all means of reducing costs and maintaining the market edge. Facilities costs can be very significant. Stipanuk and Roffman (1992) estimated that a full service hotel of on a lower floor 125 rooms has an average expense of 11.9 per cent of turnover for property management and energy. With costs, savstings can best be made at the design stage of buildings. The development of ideas on terotechnology (considering life-cycle costs at the planning stage) is yet another probable stimulus for the development of facilities management concepts.In response to the rising sentience of property costs, attempts have been made to forecast total ownership costs of buildings (life-cycle costs) at the planning stage. These costs would includeInitial (fixed costs) + Operating costs + residue costs (e.g. demolition or sale).The need for flexibilityContinuous change of policy, market and methods within organizations is now common. Whereas once, such decisions and changes whereas once, such decisions and changes were momentous and seen to be long-lasting, now they are considered to be more routine. At one time, there was only an occasional need for someone to oversee change whereas now that person is require full-time. Changes related to physical assets include extending or reducing overall working space, modifying workstations to facilitate changing work methods or achieving building modifications in line with rate of churn (i.e. movement of personnel within the jobs in the building). Obsolescence related to workspace rarely, means physical delay, it often means the right fabric in the place. Such as process of change has been evidenced in hotels with relation to computerization and in restaurants as eating habits change and customer expectations of environment alter. In addition, response time needs to be fast. Downtime is waste. Hotel rooms are a perishable commodity as those not sold twice tomorrow night. Acknowledgement of the facilities as a major resource of the business itself, often means that premises are used round the clock.Trends in the development of facilities managementMany changes in new years have been technological (e.g. building design and telecommunications). At the same time, human needs and expectations have changed and there is need to bridge the gap between the technical and human (see figure 1.6).In looking at the growth of facilities management in the UK, a number of trends become evident.Management and customer perceptions call for to change physical assets from overheads to resourcesPrestigeEmployee needs and expectationsWorking conditionsMoraleSick building syndromeNegligence claimsNeed for flexibilityContinuous market changesNeed for responsesHeavier use of facilitiesCost reductionsCompetitionDepressed trading conditionsHigher energy conditionsHigher energy costsHigher cost of spaceNeed for operational qualificationDo wnsizingNeed to focus on core competitivenessGovernment policiesCompulsory competitive tenderingHealth and safety

Essay --

George W. bush was natural in New Haven, CT, on July sixth 1946, the first child of George H W Bush. He was raised in upcountry and Houston, Texas, with four siblings. There should confuse been five but his sister, Robin died from leukemia when she was collar in 1953. George Bushs grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. George W. Bushs Dad, George H. W. Bush, was Vice chairman from 1981 to 1989 and chairper news from 1989 to 1993. He was a big influence on his son George W. Bushs life. George Bush go to public takes in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he finished seventh grade at a Midland Middle schooldays. He then went to The Kinkaid School a Houston prep school for two years. George ended up finishing high school at Phillips academy an all-male boarding school in Massachusetts, where he played baseball and his old year was to my surprise the head cheerleader. Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduati ng with a Bachelor in history. While at Yale he was a cheerleader and a member of the Frat Delta Kappa Epsilon, and was elected the fraternitys president for his senior year. George Bush also was a member of the Skull and swot up society as a senior at Yale. In the fall of 1973, Bush enrolled in the Harvard Business School, where he earned a Masters tier of Business Administration. He is the solely U.S. President to this date to have earned an M.B.A. At a backyard barbecue in 1977 George was introduced to his future wife Laura a school teacher and librarian. Bush proposed to her after only a three-month courtship, and they married on November 5 of 1977, the same year that they met. The pair settled in Midland, Texas Georges puerility town. On November 25, 1981 ... ...l of Senator Ted Kennedy. Bush made his entryway as a motivational speaker on October 26 at the Get Motivated seminar in Dallas. In the aftermath of the Fort Hood dig that took place on November 5, 2009, i n Texas, the Bushes paid an undisclosed haggle to the survivors and victims families the day following the shooting, having contacted the base commander requesting that the visit be private and not assume press coverage. They spent one to two hours at the base. Bush released his memoirs, Decision Points, on November 9, 2010. During a pre-release appearance promoting the book, Bush said he considered his biggest accomplishment to be keeping the country safe amid a real danger, and his greatest failure to be his inability to substantial the passage of Social Security reform. President Bush might have not done the job right all the time but he sure did the job. Essay -- George W. Bush was born in New Haven, CT, on July 6th 1946, the first child of George H W Bush. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings. There should have been five but his sister, Robin died from leukemia when she was three in 1953. George Bushs grandfather, Prescott Bush , was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut. George W. Bushs Dad, George H. W. Bush, was Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and President from 1989 to 1993. He was a big influence on his son George W. Bushs life. George Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas until the family moved to Houston after he finished seventh grade at a Midland Middle School. He then went to The Kinkaid School a Houston prep school for two years. George ended up finishing high school at Phillips Academy an all-male boarding school in Massachusetts, where he played baseball and his senior year was to my surprise the head cheerleader. Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a Bachelor in history. While at Yale he was a cheerleader and a member of the Frat Delta Kappa Epsilon, and was elected the fraternitys president for his senior year. George Bush also was a member of the Skull and Bones society as a senior at Yale. In the fall of 1973, Bush enrolled in the Harvard Business School, where he earned a Masters degree of Business Administration. He is the only U.S. President to this date to have earned an M.B.A. At a backyard barbecue in 1977 George was introduced to his future wife Laura a school teacher and librarian. Bush proposed to her after only a three-month courtship, and they married on November 5 of 1977, the same year that they met. The pair settled in Midland, Texas Georges childhood town. On November 25, 1981 ... ...l of Senator Ted Kennedy. Bush made his debut as a motivational speaker on October 26 at the Get Motivated seminar in Dallas. In the aftermath of the Fort Hood shooting that took place on November 5, 2009, in Texas, the Bushes paid an undisclosed visit to the survivors and victims families the day following the shooting, having contacted the base commander requesting that the visit be private and not involve press coverage. They spent one to two hours at the base. Bush released his memoirs, Decision Points, on November 9, 2010. During a pre-release appearance promoting the book, Bush said he considered his biggest accomplishment to be keeping the country safe amid a real danger, and his greatest failure to be his inability to secure the passage of Social Security reform. President Bush might have not done the job right all the time but he sure did the job.

The Andromeda Strain :: essays research papers

The book I read "The Andromeda Strain was written by the author Michael Chrichton. It is approximately 286 pages long. This book should be categorized as a science fiction book.2.)The book, The Andromeda Strain, by Michael Chrichton starts out with two men vent to investigate a satellite that crashed in Piedmont, Arizona. This satellite was sent out to elate alien organisms or bacteria. When the two men drove into town to collect the satellite they noticed that everyone was dead and within a few moments so were they.Because they were army personnel working directly for the government, several doctors and scientists were contacted secretly to deal with the issue. at a time all the men were contacted, they were set to meet at the "Wildfire Project Installation", which was a top-secret government installation intended to study and correct whatsoever alien virus. When the men arrived, they immediately began studying and trying to understand what exactly happened in piedm ont and why.This building was set to five levels, the first of these five was clean until now not sterile the second slightly cleaner, as was the third, and fourth, the fifth was as sterile as physically possible. During the experiments they tested two people they brought back from the town, which were the simply two survivors of the virus, one being an old man and the other an infant baby. They could find no similarities in them, So they tested the disease on animals and thusly did autopsies on their dead bodies.However they did not find anything until during one of the autopsies, Burton, one of the group of scientists, had torn his glove, meaning he was contaminated with the virus. And the automatic detonation exit was turned on and set to go off within three minutes. Hall another one of the scientists was the only person able to turn it off, forcing him to crawling through the air shaft to another floor while darts filled with poison were being shot at him.

to thine own self be true: The Conflict between Son and Self in Hamlet :: Shakespeare, Hamlet

to thine own self be true The Conflict between Son and Self in Hamlet A report is a very important aspect of a per intelligence. It helps to define who that person is and what is important to that person. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, the use of the same names for fathers and sons creates a dilemma that is non easily overcome. Laertes does not have the same name as his father, but he is controlled by his father all the same. Not only does this rule keep to characters in the play, but also to the play itself. Shakespeares Hamlet was preceded by Thomas Kyds play Ur-Hamlet and Shakespeare had to work hard to differentiate his play from the original. Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, shares his name with his father, Hamlet, the former office of Denmark. This sharing of names blurs the identity of the Prince with the King. Since the King precedes the Prince, he is able to develop his own distinct identity. He is a goodly king (1.2.186), a noble, brave, and self-confident man. Thus it falls on Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, to define himself beyond the confines of his fathers name. Abraham Fraunce suggests the definition of someone consists of two parts, the generall and the difference A man is a sensible tool endued with reason, where sensible creature is the generall, and endued with reason is the difference (Qtd. in Calderwood 10). Hamlet is genetically related to his father as are all sons to their fathers. However, Hamlet is even to a greater extent closely related due to their common name. Hamlet also inherits the act of filial obligation when the ghost returns and demands revenge for his murder. When he swears to avenge his fathers death, he is promise to relinquish his personal identity and to unite with his father not merely in name but in actional fact (Calderwood 10). Hamlet adopts his fathers cause- to make his fathers oppositeness his own enemy, to assume his fathers motives, goals, and pains- is to adopt his fathers identity (Calderwood 10). Prior to the ghosts appearance Hamlet is beginning to define himself as an individual person instead of as the son of his father. He has been away at school forging his own path in life. When his fathers ghost demands him to exact revenge on Claudius, Hamlet struggles trying to root if he will take the role of son and blend with his father or to become the self and breakaway from his father.